# Subverting expectations with your sentences

* Sentence structure
* Delight and surprise at every turn.
* Noun-verb descriptions get tiring
* Articulate defense of choices
* Compelling narrative, but also compelling way of telling that narrative
* Understand temperaments, learn definitions, implement variety, learn fragments, articulate decisions, acknowledge revision, produce writing
* Gregory Orr's Four Temperaments:
    * A good poem has two (concrete), a great poem has all four
    * Form: The way the writing is constructed (concrete)
        * Literal forms
    * Narrative: the story (concrete)
        * Speaker/POV
        * Plot
        * Characters
    * Music: the way it sounds (lyric/imagination)
        * Meter/scansion/prosody
        * Alliteration, consonance
        * Rhyme
    * Imagination: the magic that the writer brings (lyric/imagination)
        * Simile/metaphor
        * School (surrealism, minimalism)
        * Magic
    * Today focused on syntax
* Cumulative layering and the appositive:
    * Bridge the gap from abstract to concrete, exteriority to interiority
    * Appositive clarifies the meaning of a sentence
    * Provides essential or additional but not redundant, adds context
    * Helps in identifying other nouns
    * "The tree, *a jack pine,* sloughed the snow from its branches as if it was waking up."
        * uses language to imbue additional characteristics 
        * using simile for personification/interiority
    * "In awe of the jack pine, I didnot believe it until I saw it, *the bird's nest hidden in its needled, benevolent arms.*"
        * appositive clause at end
        * clauses are cumulative
        * unexpected adjectives add personification/interiority
    * Above: say writing about religion, using metaphor of benevolence of trees
    * Restrictive and non-restrictive appositives:
        * Restrictives necessary for sentence to function (e.g: including a name with a common noun)
        * Non-restrictive provide additional information, usually a separate clause (still imbues meaning or adds texture)
        * Cumulative layering: adding more non-restrictive appositives
        * Dependent clauses usually appositives, but may not add additional information, unlike appositives
    * A cumulative sentence is known as a loose sentence that starts with independent clause, then adds subordinate elements or modifiers after subject and predicate
    * Useful for putting the main idea first, then expand
    * Example of interiority, gives inner life of the witness (writer as witness)
    * Adds to informality, connection
    * 70% of sentences are cumulative
    * Variety to mix up rhythm of sentence (identify sustained rhythms as places to break)
    * Not really in dialogue, more for mood and scene-setting
    * Restraint: don't need to layer *every* noun, just use to propel the plot or the readers
    * Where does the music show?
* Hypotaxis and parataxis
    * Hypotaxs:
        * convey logical, causal, temporal relationships
        * used for argument and persuasion
        * provides inforamation and background about topic
        * subordination of one clause to another, unequal roles in a sentence
        * not defining (at least not literally, but interiority) but expanding/building/exemplify
        * Adds motion (e.g: immediate sentence, then use to further immediacy)
        * Polysyndentons:
            * Figure of speech in which conjunctions are used to join connected clauses in places where they aren't contextually necessary
            * Creates senses/moods (e.g: conjunctions in list to show abundance)